This article concerns the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI), within the scope and perspective held by the European Union, as expressed in documents published over the 2017–2020 period. The aim of the article is to present the content related to ethics, including the values and principles which, according to European Union authorities, should be followed in processes related to the design, development and implementation of products and services based on intelligent technology. The main research question of this article is: how does the European Union address the issue of the ethics of AI? In search of answers, additional questions were asked: what values are the key to maintaining for the European Union? What principles should be followed and what requirements should be met by the creators of intelligent machines? How does the European Union define the value of “human dignity,” which in the European Union’s understanding is the basis for creating the principles and values in relation to AI? What definition of the concept of human dignity does the European Union support and what philosophical concepts underlie it?

In the article I analyse the phenomenological possibilities of sanctioning a religious revelation through the experience of art. First, I present the context for reflections on the religious dimension of art on the grounds of contemporary phenomenological research. Next, I analyse the main methodological problems within the research area under consideration. I also propose an interdisciplinary approach to the issue of art and revelation, which allows for a complementary presentation of this complex research problem at the intersection of aesthetics, phenomenology, philosophy of religion and theology.

The category of place was a crucial philosophical concept during the times of the Carolingians. The main source that was read at that time was the paraphrase of Aristotle’s Categories called Categoriae decem, which was thought to be the work of Saint Augustine. In the middle of the 9th century, the treatise Ambigua in Iohannem by Maximus the Confessor, translated by John Scottus Eriugena, became the second influential work on that matter. Carolingian writers, like Alcuin, Eriugena, Odo of Cluny, and several other anonymous authors, understood the category of place in four different ways, which do not exclude each other and were often mentioned together. Firstly, they identified locus with one of Aristotle’s categories, as a general predicate. Secondly, they understood it in the manner of the Aristotelian definition in Physics as “the immediate container of that of which it is place” (see Physics IV.4). Thirdly, under the influence of Maximus, place was interpreted as a necessary condition of every existence, except the existence of God. Finally, Eriugena identified locus with a substantial definition, which characterized not only the corporal but also the spiritual reality.

This article proposes an interpretation of St Anselm’s Proslogion that highlights its overall structure and theoretical core. The analysis is conducted in two stages: (a) discussion of the text and its previous interpretations in order to clarify Anselm’s premises and reasoning; (b) formal analysis of the arguments through symbolic logic, and comparison with other ontological arguments. More precisely, we describe a first-order theory corresponding to our interpretation of Anselm’s commitments and show that his conclusions follow from these axioms. The theses that this study will defend are the following: (a) the unum argumentum applies only to “id quo maius cogitari nequit” and not to other similar concepts, such as that of “most perfect being”; (b) the treatise has an overall unity that has an ascending trend; (c) our original formalization of the unum argumentum not only captures the essence of the Proslogion, but also clarifies some features of conceivability.

This essay deals with the subject of the dependence of religious experience on aesthetic experience in the reflections of Karol Libelt. The first part discusses the concept of the autocracy of reason as a diagnosis of the state of Western mentality, inevitably leading to a naturalistic view about the world. In the second part, the notion of the system umnictwa, i.e. the philosophy of the imagination of Karol Libelt, was reconstructed. Particular attention was paid to the notion of primary forms and their relation to derived forms. In the third part, the initial conclusions are postponed into the issue of religion, and its apologetic role in folk faith is emphasized. Consequently, Karol Libelt turns out to be a philosopher who proposes a world open to the supernatural.

One of the fundamental issues raised in the discussion of the problem of weak will is the dispute over the principle of motivational internalism. According to the principle, an agent’s judgment that it is better to perform a certain action entails a desire to perform that action. In this paper, I discuss the arguments for the principle in order to show that they do not provide sufficient reasons for its plausibility. On the basis of these arguments, I formulate the conditions for acratic action in order to provide an externalist analysis of weak will. The aim is to reconcile two claims: that practical judgment is not equivalent to desire, and that in the case of ordinary actions there is a logical connection between the causes of the action and the action itself. For this purpose, the norm of rationality that is violated in acratic action is identified.

In the article I describe the specific situation of women related to men sent on military missions. I use the category of a “border situation” from the perspective of Karl Jaspers’s philosophy and from the perspective of psychological and sociological research on the phenomenon of the potential of these situations. I draw on the book Just to Survive: True Stories of Polish Soldiers’ Families (S. Winnik), and materials from conversations which I conducted with the wives/partners of soldiers participating in overseas military missions and from the analysis of blogs and internet forums for such women. I focus on two situations indicated by Jaspers – death and struggle. I acknowledge the importance of fear for the life of a loved one and the potential of this feeling.

The article presents Feliks Koneczny’s concept of Turanian civilization (compared with Lev Gumilyov’s concept of Russia) and Samuel Huntington’s concept of Orthodox civilization (compared with the concepts of other Western scholars of Russia, mainly Richard Pipes). In presenting various views on the history of Russia, the author of the article ponders Russia’s character from the angle of the philosophy of civilization and political philosophy.

This article explores the practical application of the methodology of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) to teaching Philosophy in English at the secondary level. Relevant issues, such as the current situation of philosophical education in secondary schools in Poland and the challenges related to CLIL, are outlined. In the article, I put emphasis on the fact that although the CLIL methodology can be applied to any school subject, the combination of Philosophy and the English language appears to be particularly advantageous for the learner as it is believed to enhance students’ various transferable skills and to prepare them for university level work.